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The cloud was there in the darkness, but it lit up the night. He is the author "Hope for Hurting Singles: A Christian Guide to Overcoming Life's Challenges.". 4:16) R2782:1 An evidence of our faithfulness and sonship. What did the pillar of cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night signify (Exodus 13:21-22)? What Does the Word HELL Really Mean? [23], Among the authors analysing the imagery from a literary perspective, some have suggested that the "fire and smoke" motifs are derived from the account of the Revelation at Sinai, in which God descends upon the mountain "in fire", and smoke rises up "as the smoke of a furnace". Joshua 3:34: As soon as you see the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God being carried by the Levitical priests, then you shall set out from your place and follow it. This verse also applies to Christs (invisible) Parousiathe Suntelia periodthe ending period of the Gospel Age, described in Matthew 24. 78:14), no less important than the parting of the Sea of Reeds itself. But the Biblical phrasing is powerful, and "Pillar of Defense" doesn't make a whole lot of sense besides, cloud and fire go together in Hebrew in much the same way smoke and mirrors do in English. To go by day and night.--The night journeys of the people are mentioned again in Numbers 9:21. The name "pillar" is due to the columnar form which it commonly . (This map follows a conventional view. 2036 10 April Thursday Carl Hagensick). https://www.learnreligions.com/cloud-and-pillar-of-fire-700107 (accessed May 1, 2023). Jesus Commission: Make Disciples. Thereafter, the pillar guided and protected Israel as she journeyed. In preparing the way for Jesus, John the Baptist said, I baptize you with water. Learn Religions. 3. Who Are THE HOLY REMNANT Class of Israel? When he wished to move his camp, he used to give the signal with the trumpet, the sound of which was often not readily enough heard amid the noise made by the bustling soldiers; therefore he set up a pole on top of the general's tent, which could be clearly seen from all sides, and from this a lofty signal, visible to all alike, was watched for, fire by night, smoke in the daytime. Exodus 14:19-20. As Israel left Egypt, however, the cloud moved to the rear to provide protection from the Egyptians (Exod 14:19, 20, 24). R5441:6 If any man suffer as a Christianfor the truths sake, for righteousness sakelet him not be ashamed. God wanted the Israelites to also show respect to Moses, the Mediator of the nation. It was the same as the pillar of fire, as it was luminous at night (cf. ; M. Noth, Exodus (1959), 91ff. Perhaps the lesson for us as Christians today is this: that Gods wisdom will not lead us where his grace cannot keep us. Gray, Numbers (ICC, 1912), 8586, 113, 212; Ginzberg, Legends, 2 (1910); 5 (1925); 6 (1928); S.R. The earliest traditions of the Exodus from Egypt refer to the pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night, which accompanied the Children of Israel on their way through the desert (Ex. 7. 36And when the cloud was taken up from over the tabernacle, the children of Israel went onward in all their journeys. There are two thoughts as to the shape of this miraculous cloud. In Titus 3:111 (ESV), Paul wrote to Titus these words about what to remind the brethren in Crete. Not a stain of sin mars the harmony and peace of a perfect society; not a bitter thought, not an unkind look or word; love, welling up from every heart, meets a kindred response in every other heart, and benevolence marks every act. 1 Remind them to be submissive to rulers and authorities, to be obedient, to be ready for every good work, 2 to speak evil of no one, to avoid quarreling, to be gentle, and to show perfect courtesy toward all people. Another early tradition connected the cloud with the *Tent of Meeting. Hebrews 12:1-2
An IDF spokesperson, in a response to Cook's Gawker article . "Pillar of cloud" (you could cut a cloud shape out of construction paper, use a pillow, or even simulate a cloud with dry ice) Suggested age range: 4-7 years old Preparations: Entering into worship Purpose: We approach God ready to worship and learn. The Last Account of the Pillar of Cloud and Fire. rev2023.4.21.43403. How important to fill it up rightly! " [31], "Pillar of cloud" redirects here. Sometimes the cloud would remain a long time over the Tabernacle; sometimes only from evening until morning. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. It will be for a shade by day from the heat, and for a refuge and a shelter from the storm and rain.. The pillar of cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night guided the Israelites during their exodus from Egyptian bondage. 25. For a detailed account of Israels journey, giving each encampment, refer to Numbers 33. 2034 2 April Sunday Clouds are porous and thus incapable of keeping out rain. The Apostle John repeated this in his first letter:"This is the message we have heard from him and declare to you: God is light; in him there is no darkness at all." Do we remember what happened when Solomons son Rehoboam did not listen to the Elders but followed the advice of the young men who he had grown up with? GODS NAME What Is The Heavenly Fathers Name That We Are To Hallow And Why? when the cloud was taken up from over the tabernacle. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. All Rights Reserved. [11], Christian commentators have generally considered that the narrative describes not two pillars (one of cloud and one of fire), but a single pillar which changes its appearance by day or by night. Exodus 13:21. 2033 12 April Tuesday The Divine Presence in Solomon's Temple was similarly accompanied by the descent of the cloud (I Kings 8:1011; cf. 37But if the cloud were not taken up, then they journeyed not till the day that it was taken up. In any event, there can be little doubt that the imagery is as old as the time of Moses, and that the cloud, and, in a lesser degree, the fire symbolism proved effective in communicating the presence of God to the people. And the angel of God, which went before the camp of Israel, removed and went behind them; and the pillar of the cloud went from before their face, and stood behind them: and it came between the camp of the Egyptians and the camp of Israel; and it was a cloud and darkness to them, but it gave light by night to these: so that the one came not near the other all the night. Eliezer maintained that the Festival of Sukkot commemorated the "clouds of glory" (Suk. It always appeared in the daytime, and was a guide and shelter: nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the people; this continued till they came through the wilderness to the borders of the land of Canaan, when they needed it no longer, and then it left them; for when they passed over Jordan the ark went before them, Joshua 3:6. [26] Martin Noth claims that this story was based upon an ancient observation of an active volcano, and that the pillars represent an evolution of this volcanic imagery. 16:10; Lev. 2022 14 April Thursday The Psalmist David draws inspiration from this guiding light. The pillar of fire at night would have provided light and warmth if there was no wood available for fires. In 1 Corinthians 10:1 is the cloud that covered the cloud that led and vice versa? God appeared in a cloud and pillar of fire to the Israelites after he freed them from slavery in Egypt. He spake unto them in the cloudy pillar: they kept his testimonies, and the ordinance that he gave them (Psalm 99:6,7). Matthew Poole's Commentary Whilst they continued in the wilderness, and had need of such direction. Exodus 23:20 Think of all the pictures of comparative health and beauty of human form and feature that you have ever seen, and know that perfect humanity will be of still surpassing loveliness. How do we handle SUFFERINGS IN CHRIST, in a Jesus way? honor upon Pharaoh, upon his chariots, and upon his horsemen. STUDY IN THE SCRIPTURES: The Six Volumes by Br. It also states that within the cloud were the Hebrew letters Yod and He (the first two letters of YHWH), which moved about ceaselessly above the camp, only coming to a standstill on the Sabbath. In this way they could travel during the day or night. ", JUST to hear my dear Master say,
22He did not take away the pillar of cloud by day or the pillar of fire by night from before the people. 12 For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. CONVENTIONS Programs, Recordings, Photos etc. Lacy, Examiner of Questionable Documents - U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigations. Ps. Just to follow Him day by day,--
2031 6 April Sunday [2] Then Moses parts the Red Sea, and the Israelites cross the dry riverbed. As the time of Moses death approached, Joshua was called to the tent of meeting where the Lord appeared in the pillar of cloud to give him a charge as Moses successor (Deut 31:15). CONVENTIONS Recorded Discourses, Programs, Photos etc. Though the dense cloud and the pillar of cloud were distinct, both indicated the presence of God. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. "Each of us has his day of service; it will soon be over. Exodus 13: 21 And the Lord went before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead the way, and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, so as to go by day and night. The Last Account of the Pillar of Cloud and Fire. Beautiful Lessons From the Passover Type. Some view it as an upright plume as suggested by the word pillar, as shown here: Others envision it more as a canopy similar to the cloud in this picture. 2035 22 April Sunday Zavada, Jack. It was great satisfaction to Moses and the pious Israelites, to be sure that they were under Divine guidance. Written in the eighth century B.C.E., it dealt with circumstances after the destruction of Jerusalem in 607 B.C.E. When the people were waiting to cross the Red Sea, the pillar of cloud moved behind them, blocking the Egyptian army from attacking. (c) the Word of God in the Bible; This suggests that the Israelites had crossed the Red Sea during the night, around the hours of 36 am which would be classified as the 4th watch of the night (if there were four night watches). 8 The saying is trustworthy, and I want you to insist on these things, so that those who have believed in God may be careful to devote themselves to good works. Later generations remembered it as a special sign of divine favor (cf. ' This refers to the cloud of incense, not the cloud over the Tabernacle. 23. "[14], On the other hand, the medieval Jewish commentator Nachmanides held that there were two pillars, and that in the passage under discussion, the pillar of cloud interposed itself between the pillar of fire and the Egyptian army, thus preventing the light of the fire from reaching them. Gods miraculous guidance of Israel from Egyptian bondage was evident through the sign of a pillar of a cloud. 4 But when the goodness and loving kindness of God our Savior appeared. - Charles T. Russell (R. 5413). In these latter instances the pillar of cloud was the place of divine revelation. 2040 27 March Tuesday It only takes a minute to sign up. 22He did not take away the pillar of cloud by day or the pillar of fire by night from before the people. Smiths Bible Dictionary (at BibleHub.com) says Succoth (booths) was reached at the close of the first days march and that the distance traversed each day was about 24 kilometres (fifteen miles). Here are some examples of Scripture: Hebrews 12:29 For our God [is] a consuming fire., Luke 3:16 John answered, saying unto [them] all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire:, Jeremiah 20:9 Then I said, I will not make mention of him, nor speak any more in his name. All shall be well with me. 2021 26 March Friday 6. God accompanied the nation of Israel by either going ahead of them or placing himself in the rear of their group, thus protecting them against their enemies and against death itself (Exodus 14:1920). R5773:3 The path to glory, honor, and immortality, in the footsteps of Jesus, is a very rugged one. 21And the Lord went before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead them along the way, and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, that they might travel by day and by night. Exodus 13:21-22 describes the miracle: By day the LORD went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud to guide them on their way and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, so that . Tikz: Numbering vertices of regular a-sided Polygon. 1st, The children of Israel were baptized unto Moses in this cloud, 1 Corinthians 10:2. Ex. The pillar of cloud was no longer required after Israel settled in Canaan, for they no longer needed a token from God to direct their travels, giving, in order that you may know the way you shall go. What were the most popular text editors for MS-DOS in the 1980s? 19. Exodus 13:22. a white cloud, and sitting on the cloud was one like a son of man, having a golden crown on His head and a sharp sickle. STUDY 7: The Priests. When the cloud covered the tent of meeting, the Israelites encamped. This feast, also called Succoth, was to commemorate the protection God provided in the wilderness and it may have marked the cessation of the fiery pillar (The Herald of Christs Kingdom, May-June 2006, A Pillar and a Fire, Br. - Bro. R2437:3 In proportion as he receives the truth and faithfully declares it. "This is My will for thee,--
Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professors, theologians, and those interested in exegetical analysis of biblical texts. Here Is Why. in the future eternal eternities. What happened to the Ark of the Covenant? The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. STUDY 1: An Introduction To The Tabernacle And Its Purpose 9 But avoid foolish controversies, genealogies, dissensions, and quarrels about the law, for they are unprofitable and worthless. [16], Another interpretative tradition centers on the idea that an angel may have been concealed within the cloud. ALL for JESUS ALL for JESUS ALL our days and ALL our hours! All Flesh To Be Blessed Spread the GOOD NEWS! R5294:5, https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2016/07/09/what-does-it-mean-to-be-baptized-into-christ/, https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2017/03/18/doing-and-saying-the-kindest-thing-in-the-kindest-way/, https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2016/10/30/his-way-is-best/, https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2016/08/10/a-little-while/, https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2016/05/25/victory-over-self/. Jesus Feeds The Multitudes With Fish and Loaves of Bread, 41. Protection draws allegiance; this cloud was the badge of Gods protection, and so became the bond of their allegiance. 16:10; Lev. URL:https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2016/09/02/study-1-an-introduction-to-the-tabernacle-and-its-purpose/, STUDY 3: The Tabernacle Construction: The Holy and The Most Holy https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2016/09/14/study-3-the-tabernacle-construction-the-holy-the-most-holy/, STUDY 4: The Court (Holy Place) And the Egyptians shall know that I am the LORD, when I have gotten me However, in Exodus 14:19, 20, 24, it move behind them to protect them. from Succoth certainly, probably from Rameses, He moved in front of the host in the form of a pillar, which had the appearance of smoke by day and of fire by night.The Israelites marched, it is implied, some part of each day and some part of each night, which would be in . Faith and Patience and Love have won,--
14:18, KJV), And the angel of God, which went before the camp of Israel, removed [23][24] A historic parallel to such a practice can be found in Quintus Curtius's History of Alexander. 2 PETER 1:5-11 Is Mere FAITH IN GOD Enough? The smoke billowed up from it like smoke from a furnace, the whole mountain trembled violently (Exodus 20:16, 18, NIV). The cloud served as a canopy that provided both shade by day from the heat and as a refuge and a shelter from the storm and rain. This implies a large cloud for the horde of two million Israelites plus their flocks and herds. There are other references to pillar of cloud (or cloudy pillar) descending and standing at the door of the tent of meeting when Moses entered the tent (33:7-9). Do not come near it, in order that you may know the way you shall go, for you have not passed this way before.. God knew the long trek through the desert wilderness would be exhausting for the Hebrews. 43. Do Not Rush In (Where Angels Fear to Tread. (Exodus 14:20, KJV). Attempts to provide a natural basis for this narrative have pointed to the possible existence of volcanic action in the vicinity of Sinai which is highly unlikely or to the sudden outbreak of a raging desert storm. The Origin and Meaning of Easter & Lent, 31. "The Little Flock will serve the Lord with such Delight they will scarcely know how to cease their Efforts." The clouds ye so much dread,
2032 25 March Thursday He took not away the pillar of the cloud No, not when they seemed to have less occasion for it: it never left them until it brought them to the borders of Canaan. Geneva Study BibleHe took not away the pillar of the cloud by day, nor the pillar of fire by night, from before the people. Charles T. Russell (R.4006). (b) the holy Spirit (Romans 8:26); 2042 3 April Thursday. Just to joyfully bear the pain,
The pillar of cloud and fire was present throughout Israels 40 years in the wilderness (Exodus 40:38). What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? Leader: Where we are is a very special place to be with God. There was something spiritual in this pillar of cloud and fire. blessing as opposed to dark thunder clouds. Some Bible scholars theorize the pillar of cloud shaded the people from the intense desert sun and also contained droplets of moisture which refreshed the travelers and their livestock. And it came to pass, that in the morning watch the LORD looked unto the host of the Egyptians through the pillar of fire and of the cloud, and troubled the host of the Egyptians.. 22The pillar of cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night did not depart from before the people.. The Day of Atonement. The fire blazed but the bush itself was not consumed. "This is My will for thee;"
The Vail. Christs Parousia (Second Presence) In 1874. https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2016/12/10/study-7-the-priests-the-day-of-atonement/, STUDY 8: The Tabernacle Coverings Leviticus 16:2 The Lord said to Moses: Tell your brother Aaron that he shall not enter at any time into the holy place inside the vail, before the mercy seat which is on the ark, or he will die; for I will appear in the cloud over the mercy seat. The Israelites came to Mount Sinai at the opening of month three after the Exodus (Exodus 19:1). (1 John 1:5, NIV), The light Jesus brought continues to guide and protect Christians today, just as the pillar of fire guided the Israelites. [29], Carey Walsh, on the other hand, believes that the pillars are not merely extensions of the Sinai myth, but represent "a new form of theophany", in which the divine presence takes on a more subtle and nebulous form than previously, but at the same time becomes accessible to the whole assembly of Israelites, who have previously only received their instructions through an intermediary. STUDY 10: The Furnishings in the Holy of the Tabernacle THE LAMPSTAND. Various explanations have been sought for the origin of these traditions. The Tabernacle Cloud and Pillar of Fire Hid God's Presence. If so, we can go forth in his name, rejoicing as we go. By this sign then of the pillar of cloud, the Lord showed Himself as their leader and general Exodus 15:3, Exodus 15:6. Fire can symbolize purification or God's presence. 21 The Lord showed them the way; during the day he went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud, and during the night he was in a pillar of fire to give them light. 2038 18 April Sunday 2023 4 April Tuesday text for this theory. [3], When the Israelites arrive at Mount Sinai, the cloud covers the mountain, and Moses enters into it to receive the commandments. They are chosen mouthpieces of God who deserve double honor (1 Timothy 5:17), Let the elders who rule well be considered worthy of double honor, especially those who labor in preaching and teaching.. But one more powerful than I will come, the thongs of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie. Earth will be ruled by Christ and his Bride for 1000 years during a reign of righteousness until God shall be all in all. often signify trouble, or a time of judgment. Ex., xiv, 19, 20, 24; Num., ix, 21, 22). The Israelites. [9] There is also reference to a fire inside a cloud in the first chapter of the Book of Ezekiel,[10] and this chapter has been traditionally linked to the story of the revelation at Sinai. 30. Revelation 2:10, Moreover thou leddest them in the day by a cloudy pillar; and in the night by a pillar of fire, to give them light in the way wherein they should go. (Nehemiah 9:12), THE HISTORY ABOUT THE PILLAR OF CLOUD AND FIRE, The First Appearance of the Cloud and Fire. Three days later there was thunder and lightening with a thick cloud over Mount Sinai and a very loud trumpet blast. These things are excellent and profitable for people. According to the view attributed by critics to the author of the Elohist account (E), the pillar of cloud served not as a regular escort marching at the head of the people, but as an intermittent presence, descending from time to time to the entrance of the Tent of Meeting when God conversed with Moses (Ex. Read full . The Herald of Christs Kingdom Magazine, March-April 2018. Exodus 24:16, 1 Kings 8:10, Isaiah 6:1-3 and Luke 2:9. This will lead into the most glorious world government ever seen. When Israel left Succoth and reached the edge of the wilderness, Yahweh went before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead them along the way, and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light (Exod 13:21). The Egyptians follow them, but God looks down upon them from the pillar of fire and cloud, and throws their forces into confusion. The Relationship between Internal Peace & External Unity. [13] He also points to Exodus 14:20, which suggests that the cloud had a bright side and a dark side, being able to simultaneously illuminate the Israelite camp while spreading darkness over the Egyptians. More insights from your Bible study - Get Started with Logos Bible Software for Free! Some of the Jews who were left in their land by the Babylonians fled to Egypt and dwelt in Egyptian cities, as foretold in Isaiah 19:18. 2 Set your minds on things that are above, not on things that are on earth. 17. "This is My will for thee;"
16:2) though the pillar of cloud and of fire did not accompany the Israelites into the Promised Land. 33:910; Num. The Israelites were protected against the elements and wild beasts; even their garments did not wear out or become dirty. One commentary suggested the following about the Feast of Tabernacles that Israel observed after settling Canaan. 14 Stand therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, and having on the breastplate of righteousness; 15 And your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; 16 Above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. Then to whisper the dark night through,
Jesus sits on it showing that he is in control since the beginning of 1874 (Christs invisible second presence) when the end of the harvest, and the sifting of wheat and tares, began. There was something spiritual in this pillar of cloud and fire. God guides them by a pillar of a cloud, and a pillar of fire, Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers, OT Law: Exodus 13:21 Yahweh went before them by day (Exo. Thanks for contributing an answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange! This may contain great symbolic value as well. 5. https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2016/09/09/study-2-the-pillar-of-cloud-by-day-and-the-pillar-of-smoke-by-night/. ACTS 23:6 HOPE & RESURRECTION. (d) from the mouth of our brethren in Christ (Psalm 119:105). The pillar of cloud provided a visible guide for the Israelites during the day, while the pillar of fire lit their way by night. 4. The pillar of fire (Hebrew: , romanized:amm ) and pillar of cloud ( amm nn) are a dual theophany (manifestation of God) described in various places in the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. "This strange storm of what appears to be dust, cloud and rain did NOT cross the border fence into Israel. WILLINGLY & CHEERFULLY DOING GODS WILL: WHY, WHEN, HOW, 3. They would be afraid and filled with doubt. When it lifted up again, they would set out on the next stage of the journey, with the cloud leading the way. [12] This point is explicitly stated in an ancient Jewish version of the text, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, which reads: "a cloud, one half of which was light and one half darkness. Usually clouds bring rain, not shelter from rain. https://biblestudentsdaily.com/2016/10/28/study-5-the-camp-the-israelites/, STUDY 6: The Levites [8] The theme is built upon in the Book of Isaiah; in chapter 4, the prophet describes his vision of the holy city of Zion in the post-apocalyptic era, and says that the city will be canopied by a cloud of smoke by day and a fire by night. Baptize. Ex. smoke billowed up from it like smoke from a furnace, the pillar of the cloud went from before their face, and stood behind them. 11b) which were considered among God's special creations in the "twilight" of the first six days (ARN2 37, 95). The sharp sickle held by Jesus is for gathering the Church, not the world. Learn Religions, Dec. 6, 2021, learnreligions.com/cloud-and-pillar-of-fire-700107. It sheltered by day from the heat, and gave light by night. There are references by ancient historians and later travelers to the practice of Pers. Other references to the pillars of cloud and fire seem to indicate it could not be connected to the Mountain of God, but was truly mobile, a supernatural phenomena of some kind ( Ex 13:21 ). Isaiah 4:56 (RSV) sheds light on this point. R1467:5 Those faithful to God during this age will have more hardship than have those who are unfaithful. A cloud which accompanied the Israelites during their wandering. Exodus 40:38 fire was in or over the cloud by night? 15. Apparently the usual resting place of the cloud was over the Most Holy of Israels tabernacle. The Day of Atonement. From Nehemiah 9:19 and Numbers 9:15-23, we may conclude that the pillar of cloud and fire remained with Israel throughout their wilderness travels. Spiritual Israelites have the protection of the armour of God (Ephesians 6:1018): 10 Finally, my brethren, be strong in the Lord, and in the power of his might. Lead them to CHRIST in any way you can. The Lord was going before them in a pillar of cloud by day to lead them on the way, and in a pillar of fire by night to give them light, that they might travel by day and by night. immense study ,much inspired praying for your ministry, Your email address will not be published. Let us learn from such examples to respect our Elders. It was a cloud which the wind could not scatter. Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. Clouds are mentioned throughout the Bible and often signify trouble, or a time of judgment. PHILIPPIANS 2:14 How to Stop Murmuring & Reap Blessings, PHILIPPIANS 4:8 Whatever is true, whatever is noble . Trust where I cannot see. If you have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy or email us at privacy@biblegateway.com. The angel of God, who had been going before the camp of Israel, moved and went behind them; and the pillar of cloud .
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